Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is a major anthocyanin present in various berries and pigmented grains and has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we examined the effects of C3G on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, with particular attention to adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), a lipid-associated protein implicated in inflammation. Treatment with C3G at concentrations up to 50 μM did not affect cell viability in the presence or absence of LPS. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that C3G significantly suppressed LPS-induced expression of aP2, as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays revealed that C3G inhibited LPS-induced aP2 promoter activity in a manner independent of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor response element (PPRE)-like site. These findings indicate that C3G attenuates macrophage inflammatory responses through the suppression of aP2 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, suggesting a novel molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory action of C3G.

This study aimed to identify factors influencing medical consultation among patients with migraine and to explore pharmacists’ roles in promoting appropriate care through the use of pharmacist-provided patient referral forms and burden assessment tools. An internet-based survey was conducted among 400 women aged 20–59 years identified as having migraine using a screening tool. Respondents were classified into the doctor-visited group (those who had visited a medical institution at least once) and the non-doctor-visited group (those who had never visited a medical institution). The doctor-visited group showed significantly higher scores on headache-related burden measures, including the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) and the Migraine Interictal Burden Scale-4 (MIBS-4) (p < 0.05), and a higher prevalence of symptoms such as aura, photophobia, and osmophobia. Although some participants in the non-doctor-visited group had high HIT-6 and MIBS-4 scores, they tended to perceive their headaches as “mild” or “temporary,” suggesting an underestimation of their burden. Approximately 70% of participants in both groups expressed positive attitudes toward patient referral forms, indicating potential usefulness in reducing anxiety regarding medical consultation. Among respondents in the non-doctor-visited group with little interest in patient referral forms, approximately 80% used over-the-counter (OTC) medications, and some had high HIT-6 and MIBS-4 scores. These findings suggest the potential role of burden assessment tools and patient referral forms in supporting patients in considering appropriate medical consultation during pharmacist intervention at the time of OTC medication purchase.