The use of nanoparticles in various industrial fields is increasing. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (nAlO) exhibit excellent functionality and are thus widely used for industrial purposes. However, the potential biological hazards of nAlO have not been addressed. Therefore, we investigated the in vivo effects and drug interactions of nAlO. Administration of nAlO to mice via the tail vein induced acute kidney injury but not liver injury. nAlO induced kidney injury when co-administered with cisplatin or 5-aminosalicylic acid. Thus, our results indicate that nAlO exhibits potential nephrotoxicity either alone or through drug interactions.